# Irving Janis Irving Janis (1918–1990) was a psychologist who coined the term [[Groupthink]] in his 1972 book *Victims of Groupthink*. Analyzing policy disasters like the Bay of Pigs invasion and Pearl Harbor, Janis identified how cohesive groups suppress dissent, create illusions of invulnerability, and make catastrophically poor decisions. Janis identified eight symptoms of groupthink and proposed preventive measures: assign devil's advocates, encourage criticism, consult outside experts. His work influenced organizational psychology, political science, and understanding of [[Decision Making]] in groups. Connects to [[Conformity Bias]] and contrasts with [[The Wisdom of Crowds]]. ## Key Contributions | Contribution | Significance | |--------------|--------------| | Groupthink concept | How groups fail | | Eight symptoms | Diagnostic framework | | Prevention strategies | Devil's advocate, etc. | ## Quotes <!-- QueryToSerialize: LIST FROM #type/quote AND [[Irving Janis]] WHERE public_note = true SORT file.name ASC --> ## Books <!-- QueryToSerialize: LIST FROM #type/book AND [[Irving Janis]] WHERE public_note = true SORT file.name ASC --> ## Related - [[Groupthink]] - [[Decision Making]] - [[Conformity Bias]] ## References - Janis, Irving. *Victims of Groupthink* (1972) - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Janis